This important group of snail-transmitted helminthiases is all caused by trematodes (flukes) that undergo a complicated cycle involving various species of land or aquatic snails. The most significant of these fluke infections is schistosomiasis and over 200 million people are estimated to be infected world-wide. The three common species infecting man, Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. haematobium have similar life cycles. Eggs are passed in the urine (S. haematobium) or feces (Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum) and hatch in natural waters. Miracidia hatch from the eggs, penetrate suitable snails and develop two generations of sporocysts. The last of these then produces fork-tailed cercariae. These cercariae penetrate the skin when a new host comes into contact with the contaminated water. Once through the skin the cercariae shed their tails and become schistosomulae that then migrate through the tissues to the liver. Here male and female flukes copulate and migrate to either the bladder or rectum where eggs are laid. Schistosomiasis can result in chronic liver, spleen and bladder damage.
Fascioliasis. Fasciola hepatica is found in most herbivores (but primarily sheep) that graze in wet pasturage where the intermediate host, snails of the genus Lymnaea, are found. F. hepatica eggs, shed from the infected primary host, mature into the embryonated form in the environment. These then hatch and release a motile miracidia that seeks out and penetrates the tissue of the intermediate snail host. Cercaria are produced in the snail that when released into the environment can encyst to produce metacercariae. In temperate climates man is often infected by eating wild watercress on which metacercariae have collected. After being ingested, the metacercariae pass through the duodenal wall and penetrate the liver capsule. Following maturation of the young flukes, the adults finally come to lie in the bile ducts or adjacent liver tissue. Here they cause severe damage to the biliary tract and eggs are passed with the bile into the feces to continue the cycle.
Fascioliasis. Fasciola hepatica is found in most herbivores (but primarily sheep) that graze in wet pasturage where the intermediate host, snails of the genus Lymnaea, are found. F. hepatica eggs, shed from the infected primary host, mature into the embryonated form in the environment. These then hatch and release a motile miracidia that seeks out and penetrates the tissue of the intermediate snail host. Cercaria are produced in the snail that when released into the environment can encyst to produce metacercariae. In temperate climates man is often infected by eating wild watercress on which metacercariae have collected. After being ingested, the metacercariae pass through the duodenal wall and penetrate the liver capsule. Following maturation of the young flukes, the adults finally come to lie in the bile ducts or adjacent liver tissue. Here they cause severe damage to the biliary tract and eggs are passed with the bile into the feces to continue the cycle.
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